Bad Effects Of Transhumanism Essay

Humans (and transhumans) are marked by a persistent desire to understand and control their environment and experience. Before the development of the scientific method, deductive and inductive logic, game theory, sophisticated epistemic principles and so on, humans resorted to superficial causal explanations based on observation for common phenomena, and theistic explanation for unusual events. Deities were invoked to explain unusual or destructive phenomena, and to try to provide a comforting model of the uncertainties and uncontrollable events in life. Storms, floods, tornadoes, earthquakes, epidemics and madness could not be tolerated without some belief about their cause. In the absence of scientific explanation a religious or theistic explanation was almost inevitable. Along with pre-scientific attempts at understanding came a crude attempt at a technology. A tension is evident here: On the one hand religions have frequently declared events to be determined by a divine plan and s o have held attempts at changing things to be futile (this is common in Eastern religions, as well as other religions involving predestination). On the other hand, religions have offered certain limited and carefully circumscribed means of changing and controlling events, such as through prayer, ritual, and magic. The overall result has been entropic and anti-progressive since religious technology is ineffective (with the occasional exception of psychosomatic effects). The role of religion in providing explanations, however poor, of human life and its environment has given way over time to the superior resources of empirical science. Science has been able to explain an enormous variety of phenomena, both commonplace and unusual. Protestations by theists that science has not and cannot explain the origin of life, the origin of the universe, or the nature of consciousness are increasingly ridiculous as we continue to learn and discover. An objection to this view of the origin and strength of religion is that it is unclear why religion is persisting and even growing as scientific triumphs abound. This objection makes two mistakes however. First, as I am showing, there are other sustaining causes of religion that do not entirely or closely depend on the development of science. Second, the apparent strength and resurgence of religion is, I believe, an illusion  generated from a limited perspective. Certainly religion is not declining rapidly, and is continually taking new forms (such as New Age mysticism), but seen over a span of decades and centuries the trend is clear enough. Late twentieth century religion is very much less powerful than religion in the Middle Ages. In the past religion dominated all aspects of life and the idea of a separation of Church and state would have been considered incomprehensible and wicked. DEALING WITH DEATH AND UNCERTAINTY: One of the great tasks before us, as transhumanists, is the reengineering of our consciousness to do away with the powerful desire for certainty of a dogmatic kind. Most humans feel that they cannot bear to be wrong. They fear an unknown future. They readily give up intellectual and emotion independence in favor of faith in another person, whether human or supernatural myth. Humans are also driven to the comforts of religious dogma by the terrible fact of death. Some transhumanists expect religion to automatically decline as technological progress accelerates. Unfortunately, the faster technology and society changes, the greater the uncertainty in people’s lives, so the greater the appeal of religion in all its forms. (Hence the takeover by National Socialism and communism at times of great upheaval.) Scientific and technological progress alone will not abolish religious thinking. Transhumanist philosophies, especially immortalist philosophies such as Extropianism, will be vital to intellectual and emotional progress.

Pornography and Sexual Violence Essay

The class is social psychology. Please use proper headings, double spacing, 12 pt font, one-inch margins, page numbering, and logical flow from topic to topic. Citations may be from the Web, texts, books or scientific journals. Magazine and newspaper citations are generally unacceptable. Please be original with your own views. Being with a strong, creative, original thesis clearly stating what you are trying to show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography is a term utilized to depict the various sexual practices and desires to arouse the viewer sexually. It should also be clearly distinguished from the term ‘obscenity’.   Obscenity is frequently utilized legally to suggest pornographic material.   This material may be deemed as illegal if it crosses all the social barriers of decency and is liable for criminal punishment.   Sexual images of women can create a positive influence or a negative influence on man.   Women can be portrayed as objects of sex, pleasure, abuse and violence.   This has resulted in degradation of the status of women in the current world. Feminists throughout the world are objecting at the problems pornography has created for women.   During the early 1980’s, pornography became a huge feminist issue.   The political situation in the West was also changing during that period.   People began to feel the need for greater amount of freedom.   Several of the moral issues such as abortion, reproductive rights, sexuality, etc, began to be questioned.   Abortion began to be accepted giving the women greater amount of control over their body.   Today, women should be pure before the marriage and need to be loyal to their husbands during their married life. Marriage is a relationship in which sex is performed only for reproductive purposes and not for pleasure.   If a woman indulged in sex outside their marriage, it was considered to be a form of prostitution.   Frequently, women are forced into getting them photographed for creating pornographic material.   The pornographic industry throughout the world has turned out into a multibillion-dollar industry (about $ %6 billion), providing material in various forms including movies, internet, books, videos, etc (Malamuth et al, 2005, Utah State University, 2007 & Webb, 2007). Recently, there has been an increase in the number of cases of child abuse throughout the world.   The exact cause for this has not been understood clearly.   A study conducted by Knudsen does not show a direct relationship between sexual violence against children and pornography.   A thorough assessment was created using laboratory findings and case studies of those who had suffered from child sexual abuse.   It was found that child sexual abuse was only affected to a slight and indirect extent by pornography (Knudsen, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frequently, people associate pornography with erotica.   However, there is a lot of difference between these two aspects.   Erotica is a situation of an intimate relationship between humans such that closeness, communication, intimacy and sexual arousal are felt.   Erotica utilize various symbols for communication and the feeling of interaction.   It could be considered to be one system of language or dialect.   Hence, erotica is usually shared between people belonging to close group, culture, religion, sect, ethnic community, etc. People belonging to other communities, sects, group, etc, would be unable to share and communicate with their partner.   Hence, the erotic appeal may not be present in such circumstances.   Erotica cannot mix with brutality.   To some extent erotica can vary from one taste to another.   Many people use the term erotica in order to demonstrate and applaud pornography.   However, both these terms need to be completely differentiated from one another.   Pornography is the misuse of women and children in the name of erotica. This misuse can be considered in two ways.   Firstly, a woman may be abused and forced into pornography through the erotica.   Besides, many of the female pornography material depict man dominating and abusing women and treating them as mere objects.   I do feel that pornography directly and indirectly creates a situation in which the woman is victimized.   This may further the chances of women getting sexually offended (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of the material available today on the internet and the print media has been generated by threatening women into certain acts that have not been expected.   For example, Linda Marchiano was threatened with a gun to perform several sexual acts in the film Deep Throat.   Today graphic material is available on the Internet of women being tortured, raped and victimized for the sake of sexual arousal.   I do feel that this may not create a sense of erotica but instead encourage violence and crime against women (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography has changed the entire concept of masculinity and femininity.   Earlier, these two genders were considered as complimentary to one another.   A woman was basically made to supplement the needs of man.   However, pornography has spoilt this relationship between man and woman.   Indirectly man is victimizing women in the name of pornography.   Men dominate women and children using pornographic material.   Man would try to conquer other sexually, and women would have to submit to the sexual needs of man.   In a husband-wife relationship, the wife would become the weaker party and the husband would become the stronger one. Once this domination is created, every chance exists for the man to abuse and ill-treat the woman.   Today pornography has been closely associated with male supremacy.   As pornography is becoming more and more common in today’s world, it is having a negative influence on the people.   Pornography touches upon male dominance, sexual inequality and sexual subordination.   Hence, people consider and use violence, force and domination as a part of sex.   This helps to spread terrorism and hatred amongst the population.   Today, people are unable to identify the thin line present between pornography and erotica (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography may influence the individual to various extents depending on the individual factors, the type of pornographic material, the extent to which the material causes sexual arousal, etc.   Studies have demonstrated that when children and adolescents are exposed to pornographic material, there are chances that these children on becoming adults would have perverted sexual tendencies. They may also perform violent acts in order to gain sexual gratification.   However, some studies have demonstrated that expose of the child or adolescent to a minimal amount of pornographic material during early age would help them to benefit later, as they would be aware of the sexual processes that occur in adults.   However, this area needs to be thoroughly researched further to determine the type of pornographic material and the extent to which they would benefit (Malamuth et al, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The World needs to change its attitude toward pornography.   To some extent individuals possessing certain characteristics may be exposed to a greater extent than others to pornographic material.   A study conducted by Malamuth et al (2005) demonstrated that men, who were exposed to material containing sexuality and violence against women, accepted these attacks secretly.   The acceptance was much greater in men who were exposed to pornographic material than those who were not.   Men who were exposed to media presentations of material, which glorified sexual attacks on women, developed aggressive attitudes towards women (Malamuth et al, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus it can be seen that pornographic material is harmful to the development of cordial relationships throughout the world between man and woman.   The effect of pornographic material varies depending on the culture, region of the world, sect, religion, etc.   Scientists should try to develop a method of determining the direct relationship that exists between pornography and sexual violence against women. The Internet may be a very useful resource for teenagers and students.   However, this resource could also be misused, as activity may be difficult to monitor.   It is high time for the law-enforcement agencies and parents to help control the activity of teenagers and students over the Internet.   The manner in which the child or teenagers utilizes the Internet plays a major role in the development of the personality and behavior later in life (Paul et al, 2005 & Bremer, 2005). References: Bremer, J. (2005). â€Å"The Internet and children: advantages and disadvantages.† Psychiatr Clin N Am, 14(3), 405-428. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g074414vx721x677/ Knudsen, D. D. (2005). â€Å"Child sexual abuse and pornography: Is there a relationship?† Journal of Family Violence, 3(4), 253-267. Malamuth, N., & Huppin, M. (2005). â€Å"Pornography and Teenagers: The Importance of Individual Differences.† Adol Med Clin, 16(2). Paul, B. & Bryant, J. A. (2005). â€Å"Adolescents and the Internet.† Adol Med Clin, 16(2). Utah State University (2007). â€Å"Lesson 10. Pornography, Violence, and the Law.† Retrieved on December 7, 2007, from Utah State University Web site: http://cc.usu.edu/~fath6/Gen5.htm Villani, V. S. (2005). â€Å"Media literacy for clinicians and parents.† Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 14(3), 523-553. Webb, E. (2007). â€Å"Pornography or Censorship-Silence or Choice?† Retrieved on December 7, 2007, from DSP Web site: http://www.dsp.org.au/dsp/porno.htm

Foreign Investment and Joint Ventures in China Essay

Foreign Investment and Joint Ventures in China - Essay Example oming in of foreign investment can only be remarked as being positive, in the right direction and one that is aimed at the betterment of the common Chinese populace. The environment of foreign investment is such that even the US investors have started putting their money in the reserves of the Chinese threshold. [Robinson, 1987] They have understood that the future is with China and hence it gives all the more reason for them to put their money where the coming times are favored more. Being an Asian giant, it draws a lot of foreign investment from its Asian neighbors as well as that from Japan, which similarly has rose a lot in the economic sectors since it was bombarded in the Second World War in 1945. Apart from that, joint ventures are the name of the game with Chinese neighbors like India, Pakistan and Russian States investing heavily in fields like ammunition, artillery, roads, heavy transport bridges and so on and so forth. [Li, 2003] Add to that, technology remains one of the main factors for which the foreign investors turn towards the Chinese markets and as is expected and predicted, in the years to come, more and more people would turn towards them as the future looks bright. There are as such very little or negligible restrictions or clauses in the wake of investing in the Chinese markets and thus it gives all the more reason for the foreign players to call China their second home, especially when investments are concerned. China has attracted foreign investment of late by sending its troupes of investors and high profile businessmen who give presentations and tell the people of the country they are visiting about the benefits that they could draw from investing within China. [Beltz, 1995] More than that, it is a plus point that the people from different countries visit China themselves to give in their money. This could only be termed a positive sign and one on which Chinese government is proud of. [Kapuria-Foreman, 2003] With regards to the WTO pact

The Idea Of A Japanese National Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Idea Of A Japanese National Culture - Essay Example This notion or set of beliefs finds Okakura in an inappropriate position of agreeing with the sentiments and instead Okakura in his opinion believes that the unity embraced by the Asian community is associated with the foreigner’s colonization and not the Asian beliefs. He finds it hard to accept that the Asian unity is of purpose and not circumstantial. The Japanese idea of unity attributed to the religion and art is relative to the whole Asian community, however, Okakura believes that at no single moment the Asian community practiced the natural relative to the fundamental values. They only came together because they needed to protect interests. Whereas the Japanese National culture is immensely attributed to the sense of self and collective creativity in all sectors which has made it grow to its present state, Okakura believes that Japan and its people depend on the products of imitation. In term of language, the people of Japan have imitated the western languages and adopted them in their daily lives. In addition, the Japanese and Asian art are slowly losing meaning since the western attributes such as design; texture and sense of communication among others have been integrated into the original Japanese culture and this has neutralized the originality of Japanese and Asian culture at large. This integration makes Okakura thinks and perceives the relationship between the national culture of Japan and Asia at large as imitated and not original as the people of Japan claim. In his opinion, Okakura believes that the Confucianism in China and the Toyotomi and early Tokugawa period in Japan formed the originality of the Nationa l Japanese and Asian culture and not religion. On the other hand, the aspect of the Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere which was perceived by the majority of the Asian community as a weapon of trouncing modernity which was attributed to the modern state and industrialization (Kakuzō, 34).

Lack of Effective Professional Codes and Motivation Essay

Lack of Effective Professional Codes and Motivation - Essay Example Among the sources of the problem in the company, that the auditing discovered included: Employees require a conducive working environment, one that encourages profitability. Your company lacks such a structure a feature that gives rise to numerous unethical practices most of which derail the operations of the employees at the organization. Motivation and supervision are two primary roles of the management that influences the profitability of a company since they affect the productivity of the employees. The management must, therefore, enhance the motivation of its employees besides securing a conducive working environment for the same employees. This way, it becomes possible to develop a structure of accountability in the company thus improving the productivity of the commercial organization. Two cases of sexual molestation went unreported within the last three months. Such is an avid portrayal of an unconducive working environment. Female employees feel threatened at the organization owing to the abject disregard of the sexual offenses act in the country. The cases of sexual molestation in the company portray the lack of unity between the management and the junior employees of the firm a feature that creates space for the senior managers to use their privileged position to sexually molest the vulnerable female employees. In order to curb such cases and create a conducive working environment for the employees of the firm, my taskforce recommends that the company develops appropriate professional codes of conduct. Through the codes, the management must indicate the behavior it considers unwelcome in the company. Besides the codes, the management must apprehend the specific employees found guilty of molesting their juniors in the past. Such is the only way for the management to reassure its employees of the new changes thus develop  their confidence. Additionally, the management must develop an appropriate bureaucratic structure, one that enables appropriate supervision of the employees in the company.

FOUR TOP EXPERIMENTAL FILM MAKERS FROM UK AND AMERICA Essay

FOUR TOP EXPERIMENTAL FILM MAKERS FROM UK AND AMERICA - Essay Example Well, that last part isnt exactly true.† (Filmmaker, 2008, p.62) Robin had previously made three 16mm short films that were all semi-autobiographical. He employs a unique narrative angle in the making of My Olympic Summer: â€Å"I wanted to try to figure out a different point of entry. My parents had given me these old Super 8 home movies several years ago so I decided to create a fictitious storyline about them. Theres no relationship with the Olympics at all. There are kernels of truth throughout, but I wanted to create a more lyrical truth than a literal truth." (Filmmaker, 2008, p.62) Hence, what emerges is the experiment to combine literary aspects of Jorge Luis Borges to Woody Allen’s Zelig, whereby he’s pushing the boundaries of the documentary genre. Matt Wolf is another promising experimental filmmaker, who came to prominence through his Wild Combination: A Portrait of Arthur Russell. This artistic documentary craftily weaves together the scarce video footage of iconoclastic New York composer Arthur Russell. This made Wolf to invent â€Å"his own visual language to bridge the gaps in the recorded history of Russells story. Lyrical and emotional moments-listening to mix tapes on the Staten Island ferry, running through Iowa cornfields, the act of musical composition itself - are represented with elements as disparate as Super 8 re-enactments and abstract VHS inserts.† (Filmmaker, 2008, p.63) The plot follows key moments in Russell’s life, from these early days as a sensitive country boy to his sudden interest in music to Buddhist influences in his life to the influence of Timothy Leary. The film is in a way a tragedy, for though Russell’s compositions are now seen as avant-garde and he received fame posthumo usly, he met a premature death due to AIDS. In Wolf’s own assessment of the film: "Im not an identity politics

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Assignment Example This makes the amount of medicine and their effect in patients more difficult to monitor. A study to determine if warfarin is safe was conducted in 25 nursing homes. Patients INR value was ≠¥ 4.5 and suffered no damage, but there was an error in warfarin management. The errors mostly occurred at prescription and observation stages in warfarin management. Observation errors include inadequate laboratory tests to check warfarin level leading to delay response to high INR levels. Prescription error was mostly in dosage in respect to INR levels and drugs interaction. To avoid such instances, there should be frequent communication between nurses and doctors. According to Wu et al. (2011), there should also be upgrading of information technology to incorporate a modern computerized provider order entry program with clinical decision support in nursing homes and hospitals (p.160). This information helps to know the information technology needed to improve monitoring of warfarin therapy in patients leading to better warfarin management. Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee - Warfarin Therapy Management. (n.d.). Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee - Warfarin Therapy Management. Retrieved August 11, 2014, from http://www.bcguidelines.ca/guideline_warfarin_management.html. This report was written by physicians and is intended for other physicians. The guidelines given in this report focuses on management warfarin therapy in patients within an office setup. In this report guideline is given on how to begin administering warfarin, on international normalized ratio (INR) and dosage. It is written that before starting warfarin treatment one should consider various reasons why it should not be used. Warfarin should not be used; if the patient has severe or active bleeding diathesis, if the patient has some doses not taken or taken incorrectly, if the patient

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English paper - Essay Example My quest for knowledge and learning ability leads me to write efficiently and learn more in the field of writng. I have the ability to express my feelings about different subjects, like life, nature, politics, history and so on. This course helped me in understanding writing from a different perspective which further helped me in polishing my existing skills. My attitude towards writing changed after the course as I learnt to give my own opinion when it came to discussion about different topics. I no longer depend on other’s opinion and have developed the potential to write on any subject using my own researching skills. I have learnt not to plagiarize and try to research and provide original content with my personal views and knowledge. The originality of the work is what I have learnt through the course. The course has helped me to learn about different topics and study them clearly. I have been able to critically assess different works and pin point the views put down by ot hers. By amalgamating different views and assessing them I have been able to grab the skills of a critical analyst. With time I have also been able to put forward arguments to my own opinions. Arguments to my own opinions help me greatly when it comes to deriving conclusions. In my view a good piece of writing has to have no weakness or so. In my view a good piece of writing is when person is able to express his opinions about a topic with the ground facts about it. The writing should not be bias and should analyze different perspectives. I analyze a good writing based on the opinions given by the writer. The perspectives analyzed are the foremost part which should be noticed. The arguments given by the writer are the second most important part which is to be seen so that one can analyze a good piece of writing. Finally the flow of the writing should be seen and the conclusion given by the writer about the specific topic which is being talked

Global Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Business Environment - Assignment Example At the same, there has been progressive scientific understanding into global warming as well as ways that this issue can be mitigated. There have been a lot of international conferences and seminars to educate people on its effects and things that can be done in order to mitigate its effects (Chatham, 2009, p. 34). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been active and effective in the study of global warming and its related effects. The panel researched and discovered that global warming is a result of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the environment and the general stratosphere. Human beings play an important and active role in the accumulation of these gases in the environment through various activities and processes. The report by IPCC explained that of all the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide was the most prevalent contributor of global warming. At the same time, other different human activities like deforestation play a big role in the accumulation of carbon dioxide. Forests and vegetation cover usually use the excess carbon dioxide in their photosynthetic processes in a process called carbon dioxide fixation. This means that maintaining forest cover is an important step necessary in checking on the effects of global warming. However, people should try their level best in order to reduce on the energy that is released in the atmosphere, there should be effective and successful environmental campaigns aiming at sensitizing people on various methods of environmental management and conservation

the multidimensional external forces that brought changes to Nokia Essay Example for Free

the multidimensional external forces that brought changes to Nokia Essay Nokia’s website explains the goal and mission of Nokia as ‘To be technology leader in a world where everybody and everything is connected’ The website also states Nokia reinvented which explains for the fact that the company is gearing up to face the changes in the market. Change as defined in online dictionary as transfer from one to another (dictionary.com, 2014). This transfer from one to another is not restricted to only one environment, it’s related to all spheres of mankind. Surprisingly this change is always seen in the business field. Porter defines that the business always needs to align its company goals to the market and achieve the competitive advantage. Further there are many theories which exemplify that external forces are necessarily determine whether the business has competitive advantage for thriving long term or not. Cajanto and Karral (2008) explain that the industries always go through the changes in the market and some changes are disruptive, irreversible. These changes often include innovation, demand in customer expectation. The multi-dimensional changes in environment does not only include the macro but also many other factors which contribute to the changes faced by companies. Some of the studies investigates whether the frequency of incremental and radical innovations may be explained by different mixes of environmental, organizational, processes, and managerial forces, and therefore may need to be managed differently (Rogers, 1995; Van de Ven et al., 1999 in Koberg et al, 2003). The porter’s five forces and other environmental scans may analyse these changes and also categorize them in bigger parameters. PEST Analysis for telecommunication Industry for wider view. Political: Nokia operates in World and not one country. Hence the changes faced in world politics affects the whole company and also the industry. The world politics suffered a lot changes from the span of 2000 to 2010. The war against some of the Middle East countries, Oil expense and Endemics like swine flu emerged (Pravada.ru, 2014). These political changes may have had a little  bit of change which affected the probable distribution of handsets to overall human population directly. However Oil expense and war may have had direct change on the considerable shift of profits in all these years. Economic: Amongst many economic shifts one of the biggest crisis which emerged was the collapse of US mortgage system which had effect on world economy and all industries (Pravada.ru, 2014). The industries felt downturn in the purchasing power in the hands and hence the industries had a lot of redundancy, closures in firms. Somewhere this shift was not one of the main reasons of downturn of Nokia but Industry had to face a lot of changes technologically. The possible combination of cameras, mp3 players and other technology which was to be carried by people was getting changed with the purchasing power. This shift of less purchasing power probably led to concentration on innovation of technology. Social: The societal news had in this century introduction to Iphone which revolutionized the world. This brought people in different countries closer. Technological: Amongst many technological facts which changed and effected company’s like Nokia was the advent of smartphones. Amongst many other changes which turned around the world was google. The company became a success so as to a point that ‘google’ is a verse used for getting any information. They have multitude of services from photo sharing, to email support system, software development, computing and mobile operating system development, navigational mapping and so much more. These changes had a drastic effect on working of Nokia. The above changes in wider environment were faced by Nokia which had direct or indirect impact on the working and strategic problems of company. The industrial scanning which effected company have been scrutinized in this section. The porter’s five forces analysis shows how the company is effected with industrial forces acting in the industry. This analysis narrows down the environment and scans it further. Source: Google.com, 2014 Bargaining power of suppliers: Nokia is surrounded by the different kind of suppliers which are spread across globe and mainly in china. The pressure to save more from cost allows china as only country providing technology products at such cheap rates. Further the bargaining power of supplier’s increases when the place supplying goods is one to most of the  telecommunication companies (Nokia, 2014). Bargaining power of customers: Bargaining power of customers is low in this Industry because the other forces like innovation and cost determine the price of a product. However the company’s like Nokia and Ericsson which are not pioneers in innovation and are late movers might feel the bargaining power of customers. Threat of new Entrants: It is difficult for new entrants to establish a brand in Telecommunication Industry globally but not very difficult. Apple was not in the Industry a decade before but it is one of the company’s which have reshaped the Industry. Likewise a company can enter the market but on the basis of brand which has been already present globally. Threat of substitutes: This Industry is governed by substitutes. If people do not buy an apple Iphone then they resort to Samsung, Sony and HTC. There is a lot of threat which can be seen in the Industry within the smartphone market. It can be said that the Industry is governed by different brands and people have wide choice which one to choose ranging from high to low price. Further amongst the micro environment the SWOT analysis of company tells whether company is able to survive in the environment or not. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats when matched with the Strengths: The Company has global presence and brand name which has been since the mobile phones came in the market. To make such name in market new entrants might have to struggle a lot. Another strength is the position company holds in world and also resources like supply chain management built on years of hard work, marketing channels etc. Weaknesses: Amongst the many weaknesses the company did not realise the potential of change, innovation and did not manoeuvre itself according to the changes in the telecommunication, IT and other Industry. The changes brought by smartphones were not applied even as late movers and hence the lack of research was one of the basic weaknesses. Opportunities: The recent amalgamation with Microsoft will expand new opportunities like the software support, marketing skills and branding. They will also have new insight and access to resources with brand like Microsoft which has its root to old new and present generation. Threats: The basic threat to the firm is extinction whereby it can be compared to a dinosaur. The lack of adaptation and change can lead to extinction. Further no innovation can place it on the back end of the industry as a late mover, however it would also have to be continuous. The above overall effects have  placed Nokia where it was before and together with the SWOT analysis it can reach where the Industry is shaping. This can be tedious task but it can also help earn the lost reputation of connecting people continuously by bringing new technology to them. Question 2: Critically discuss the nature of changes and their impact on company’s operations. The changes discussed above have been explained in this section and further critically analysed. The first change which is evident from the origin of Nokia is the foraying from paper manufacturing, then rubber and cable production. The operations of the company would have changed from paper manufacturing factory to rubber and then cable production. However the best the company did was to introduce themselves in to mobile phone market. It expanded quickly and certainly the operations were affected with this big change. By 2010 Nokia employed over 123,500 people across 120 countries in ï ¬ fteen manufacturing sites around the world (Case study, 2014). This states that company might have had to expand its operations offshore and liaise with manufacturing units for operations like supply chain management which affected in positive growth. The changes like having outdated Software Company (Symbian) after 2005 and not recognising to change accordingly to the market was one of the facts which impacted most on company operation which slid the profit and company position to lows. Furthermore amongst the above answer given whereby PEST analysis is done with the environment. The technological factor states that google was becoming more and more powerful as a search engine. The impact of this was seen everywhere in all the Industries. Advent of technological changes with Smartphone introduced combined the Software, Computer sector together. Koberg et al (2003) states that Innovation is a necessity for a firm which compete in environment where change is pervasive, unpredictable and continuous. There is volume of research on various strategies that point out what structures make firm innovative. However the above authors also suggest that there aren’t any specific rules for being innovative but then there is always radical innovation or sudden innovation changes which are seen in the environment. The advent of Iphone is one of sudden changes and merging of search engine, Tablets and laptops to form one Industry is also part of that change.  Furthermore the new versions of smartphones is part of incremental change. This change can be replicated in Nokia research centre and further followed so as to survive as one of the giants. The company which went in negative growth can be saved through this route. The environment changes had a lot of impact on working operations of company since it dealt with mainly the phones which were restricted to camera, GPS and bit of surfing on the internet. The company operations had to change drastically from making gps and dual sim pho nes to smartphones. The top market which used to spend same money for buying new models of Nokia diverted to Buying Iphones. Furthermore the other big changes which have been discussed in previous answer were the software problems which were complained by the customers to the company. It lead to travel a revolutionized path by tying up with Microsoft for software research and basis. The other changes which were faced by the company which made them one of the top most grossing firm in mobile Industry was building in the strategic way to predict growth and supply model of mobile handsets from mid-1990’s to 2000. Carral and Kajanto (2008) state that company had best strategic models for predicting the growth and expansion of mobile handsets from mid-1990 to 2000. The Industry analysis model and process was one of the best which made them rise and subsequently meet the demand. The model states that they organised operations in such a way that they predicted how many customers replaced handsets, how many markets were explored, what is the network evolution. The picture says below the industry analysis model of Nokia and how it affected the brought together the whole company to make it topmost grossing firm. Source: Carral and Kajanto (2008) The above strategic focusing might have included Supply chain management, sales force, research and development team and marketing departments together. The replacement team analysed why the handsets are replaced or what could be wrong with new handsets and further gave review to research team. The above authors also conclude that not only the mobile Industry in terms of smartphones changed but also the mobile communications changed from analogue signals to digital ones. This meant that company had to change the third generation of mobile handsets giving more space to store downloaded information, multimedia services etc. Carral and kajanto (2008) state that  it is important to mention that communicating industry changes is not an easy task. It is very difficult task to predict the industry life cycle with all early signs and different types of uncertain data. One of the main changes in operations which Nokia had to face through changes in Industry life cycle was human resources in company had to shift from what they were good at to something else. This might have arose discomfort, discontent in the work pattern. Further the above authors also stress that a good understanding of industry saves the companies from a lot of cost restricting later with its operations and also abrupt decisions. Koberg et al (2004) explains Innovation theory by basing it hypothetically on two of types of innovation, Incremental and Complexity theory. Both of theories have similar hypothesis like environmental dynamism, age and size of firm, intra firm structural linkages, and improvisation, Experimentation, transitioning across projects, age and tenure of policy makers. He further explains that environment can act as a cushion where by company can change direction but not a real cause of innovation. As explained in case of Nokia the company was innovating the way the market responded towards technical and mobile communications however it was not focused much on research and development. Admittedly the Industry analysis with porter’s five forces explained that Industry is highly regulated globally with patents, brand names and customer choices. The upgrading and merging of wider environment also effects the inner industry cycle. The mobile industry is closed yet open industry whereby many Industries are merging and going together to form one big pool of Industry. Earlier the mobile industry was the only industry operating providing communications but nowadays the VOIP communication (Skype, Facetime, Messenger’s) and we have IT merging in both to change and give different experiences. Hence the idea of having only Mobiles or only big giants in industry rules out. This will further provide difference in the way operations will work out for Nokia in near future. In the end the company has gone through a lot of changes which will affect the company some which will shape and then reshape the structure of communication Industry. Some of these operations will affect the company with positive impact whereby human resources will have to be shed in order to fit in with the other giants. In order to become giant or leading company in this industry Nokia will have to focus more on the demands of market environment and align  company goals and vision to achieve greater share of profits. Question 3: Evaluate the proposed changes by the company and recommend appropriate methods for implementing it. The proposed changes which have been marked by the company for its growth and progress are analysed. First change which the company resorted was to build a brand together encompassing Microsoft and Nokia as a brand together. The company as brand will be able to do much more because collaborating on brands will provide much more coverage whereby the gadgets of Nokia cannot reach name of Microsoft reaches before anything. Talbot (2013) says that with Microsoft vouching for increasing sales through mobile devices, tablets it is a very good deal for both ends. Since the skype as Voice over Internet Service is one of the powerful tools of company and realizing its potential in every sphere will help build new ways to reach customers which is one of mission statements for Nokia. The working of two important brands together will create a lot of potential for more RD for company. The company might have to invest more in RD to create more channels for new mobile devices with updated software to be given to human race. Further to implement this company will have to invest a lot in patent rights and acquiring those rights. The earlier money invested in RD failed to produce technologies that could dent the dominance of Apple and Samsung in the smartphone business. It is possible that with this collaboration the company may have new niche and acquire lost reputation. The only hurdle to achieve this will be manpower. The company might have to shell or reduce the previous research employees or maybe teach and train them to Microsoft standards. Furthermore the patent costs may have to be arranged for both firms and how it will work out by the end of collaboration period. The method for implementing these changes includes changing names of the new venture products which hit market and how the old products which have been with old software system will be serviced or replaced. The Symbian software which was heart of Nokia was one of the software providers giving software support however with problems in providers made them outdated. Further the company will have to develop new products and build software’s to support applications for those products. This will entail a lot of new ties with product manufacturing, a lot new support of supply chain management and also marketing strategies. Some of the marketing strategy which the company can  do should be bringing new technology whereby mobile phones can encompass VOIP, new technology and the idea of new age mobiles which can store more data, bring more information and bring businesses and technology on your fingers. The other changes which have been proposed by Microsoft and Nokia together are the business opportunities for developers. The developers which can tie up with firm to bring new application for users can also prosper in the way of this new market. The firm can always connect and develop with new team of researchers in many ways. They can use connect and develop strategy for Finland or from Silicon Valley which can have young university graduates to tie up with the firm to develop new mobile software’s or devices. The idea of this collaboration and working together is to also embed the culture and work ethics of both organisations. The firm Nokia is originally from Finland and Microsoft has been spawned in Silicon Valley California. The work culture of Nokia encompasses change because since its advent the company has changed so many times with time. It started from wood pulp to wire telecommunication to mobile devices giant. Further Microsoft has been very steady with the change s. It has occupied monopoly in software market in IT industry. The good side to this can be that company will be not well versed with the change whereas Nokia has steered clear with changes and further is prone to changes which come in near future. Both have different organisational culture. Parker (2000) agrees that organisational culture is different to the place where companies have originated. Corporate culture is also one of the term used by the above author to define working in an organisation. The company more than anything in order to work together has to form and foresee working culture of each other. As was said above Nokia has been very evident and prone to changing its operations and this has made it one of the versatile companies. Furthermore Microsoft has been in a monopolistic conditions operating as only one big giant in software industry. Hence it might create problems in working together and mind-set of employees working in RD for new developments in mobile technology. The RD and other departments will have to see the mind-set and working preferences of both companies. Further the other change which has to be seen by the company is through cost cutting. The company is cutting on cost on useless products and features which it gave before in old mobiles. Some of them included keypad system, storage cards etc. The company may cut costs through  the employee packages and other benefits. Further Symbian technology which was heart of Nokia is shifted to Accenture. Accenture is mainly outsourcing, consulting and technology services firm. Symbian software helped to form base for Nokia. The company in process of going through transition did not sell the Symbian Software but only outsourced it to Accenture. The idea can be regarded as good and bad. It is beneficial because Microsoft has just had 10 years collaboration with Nokia, may be after 10 years if Symbian technology is grown powerful and profitable can still be reverted to heart of Nokia. Further it is non beneficial because the company could have made a lot of profit which have been lost in previous years by selling the technology. The company can sell off the outdated or worn out wings of business to some other firm and could have pooled money to develop in RD (Accenture.com, 2014). The changes which the company is incurring now are in the segment of value and growth in developing markets. The company is all geared to make changes in the growing markets where giants like Apple, Samsung and HTC have not made any foothold. With the statements in the case study which were mentioned by current CEO Elop, it is very clear that the company is focusing more on the developing markets. The company might have to expand its operation to Africa, Russia and other markets which have lot of potential to be tapped. The company will have to focus on the marketing, Nokia venture segment, Nokia mobile phone market and also communication departments. They will have rebuild the old system of tapping potential with new tweaks (Aacademia.eu, 2014). In the end, Nokia has been versatile to face changes but to be pioneer it needs to be step ahead of the competition. The company needs to look out for new developments in the technology segment which can give it competitive advantage. The RD facility from Microsoft may be able to provide innovative base to increase customer reach. The further added advantage to both companies to reach new markets is the brand names they hold together. The changes which have been advised by Elop (CEO Nokia) are very apt and short term but for longer profitable venture they have to invest a lot of time in building core capabilities in Mobile market which both can have provided they tap full potential of current capabilities. Question 4: In an attempt to facilitate the change process, advise Nokia’s leaders on  issues of organisational culture, politics and leadership. The issue of culture, whereby two companies come together and tie knot for mutual benefit has been always curious case in theories. It has sometimes been overlooked and sometimes over emphasized. â€Å"A cultural shift is rapidly changing how we work, learn and interact (Hirzel, 2013)† Schein (2009) states that culture and leadership are both entwined with each other. It resides within a person and drives most of the behaviour inside and outside. Further the author also tries to justify the relation to an extent that managers or the leaders should understand that subcultures in organisation are formed due to employees. In the earlier segments it was defined that corporate culture is different to the organisational culture. They can be aligned together but it takes a great leader to align the goals of company to the goals of employees so much that employees embed that in the work ethics (Schein, 2009). Managing subcultures is very important nowadays because of many reasons which have been pointed out by Schein (2009): Mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures were subcultures need to be aligned/blended or at least adjusted for smooth working. Globalisation which produces diversity in working environments based on ethnicity, language and nationality. Technological complexity which produces more ‘mature’ occupational subcultures that have to be taken into account in designing work flow. IT which has created subcultures like structural options like people have virtual offices when they have not met each other personally but are working with each other guiding instructions. The cultural and subcultural issues influence all aspects of business, hence the task of leader is to understand the dynamic forces which arise and to manage these forces to ensure the corporate goals and missions are realised. The case of Nokia can be compared to all the issues stated above which exemplify that there are subcultures of working ethics which might be prevalent in both companies. Bringing CEO and leader from Microsoft who has had experience in Software focused firm might be detrimental or can provide new beginning. Nokia has not been in the software domination but has been active in mobile segment. The changes it has faced on whole provides us that firm is very much ready to withstand further changes and so are the employees on whole (Academia.eu, 2014). One of the cases which is similar to the case of Nokia  and Microsoft has been given by parker (2000) whereby he justifies that in mid-1990’s a firm named Atari hired a CEO with background in marketing. The firm was mostly managing software engineers and he found that there is no incentive and work structures are very loose. He set new parameters to judge the work done by giving specific targets, incentives and work regimes which were not accepted by way the RD engineers worked. Some of the esteemed employees left the company because of tight rules and regulations. Hence one could say that leader also has his own work culture which he is used to and the firm had different work culture. This could be one of the case where Nokia employees can react because they have been used to responding Symbian developers and their way of working. The CEO of that firm had not realized that in gaming since the evolution of company people working in it had realized that essence of designing good games was unstructured collaborative effort to trigger each other’s creativity. Politics in a whole is very frightening yet intriguing term. Politics can effect business with its outside environment and also from inside. Hollingsworth and Boyer (1997) state that business is and will be always effected with the politics, by quoting an example that the capitalistic and industrial revolution had effect on the making of cultures within many companies. Markets and other coordinating mechanisms are shaped by and shapers of societal systems of production. By the term social systems of production the author means that structured firms in same industry have been entwined by the relations with other firms like supplier chain companies, marketing firms etc. Further the outer social cover like unions, concept of social fairness held by capital and labour markets, society’s idiosyncratic customs and traditions as well as norms, moral principles rules and laws all are applicable to the term politics. These effect the firm the way it has been structured and how sub cultures work within the organisation. It is evident from above statements that the term politics effect the social circle a lot more than way we think. Nokia has originated in Finland hence it will have work structure in its roots of Finish culture. Microsoft has been dominant in Silicon Valley hence the work ethics structure and its culture will have US work ethics. The politics can be cumbersome with both firms however Nokia has also headquartered in Silicon Valley California. Further the interference of European Union is a lot evident than US having any political block with any  countries. The unions in Europe have very strong foothold than US which states that if the RD and joint venture has to happen it needs to consider the interference of company unions in the work. However from work venture point of view in the era of globalisation the companies know how to handle the political scenario and union interference (Hofsetede and Bond, 1982). Politics could also occur within the management in the joint venture. It is seen in the case study that the appointment of Microsoft CEO created disturbance in mind of Nokia stakeholders. The idea of being governed by silicon valley CEO who was initiating transition of joint venture was taken in grey shades considering the fact that the collaboration is good for both companies together. This may arise further discontentment in the Nokia employees because they might be fearing complete acquisition by giant like Microsoft. In the end the above areas are likely to affect the further running of this joint venture but if the companies are open to learning, development and bringing new technology then these obstacles could not hamper the growth. References Pravda.ru (2014) ten years that changed the world. Available at: http://english.pravda.ru/world/europe/31-12-2009/111519-ten_years-0/ [accessed: 7 July, 2014] Google.com (2014) Porter’s five forces. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=porters+five+forcesclient=firefox-ahs=2qorls=org.mozilla:en-US:officialchannel=fflbtbm=ischtbo=usource=univsa=Xei=wOPHU9XVAu210QXK0YHwDgved=0CDQQsAQbiw=1366bih=657#facrc=_imgdii=_imgrc=XrUV8wlctpH1iM%253A%3BxB83ZLjVvof0KM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fcommons%252F6%252F66%252FPorters_five_forces.PNG%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fcommons.wikimedia.org%252Fwiki%252FFile%253APorters_five_forces.PNG%3B960%3B720 [Accessed: 11, July, 2014] Accenture.com (2014) Nokia and Accenture Close Symbian Software Development and Support Services Outsourcing Agreement. Available at: http://newsroom.accenture.com/news/nokia-and-accenture-close-symbian-software-development-and-support-services-outsourcing-agreement.htm [Accessed: th Aug, 2014] Parker., M (2000) Organizational Culture and Identity: Unity and Division at Work. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=klnrgd-H3kACoi=fndpg=PP1dq=journals+on+work+cultureots=Wfqu311ufLsig=2jvpTavVediWceD1znK_54H7CP4#v=onepageq=journals%20on%20work%20culturef=false {accessed: 15th July, 2014] Talbot., D (2013) How Microsoft Might Benefit from the Nokia Deal. Available at: http://www.technologyreview.com/news/519056/how-microsoft-might-benefit-from-the-nokia-deal/ [Accessed: 15th July, 2014] Hofsetede.,G and Bond ., M, H (1982) Hofstedes Culture Dimensions: An Independent Validation Using Rokeachs Value Survey. Journal of cross cultural phycology. Available at : http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/15/4/417.short [accessed: 20th July, 2014] Holllingsworth., R.J and Boyer. R (1997) Contemporary Capitalism: The Embeddedness of Institutions. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hmscrSl_JycCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed: 24th July, 2014] Schein., E (2009) The Corporate Culture Survival Guide. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl =enlr=id=LkYRFu05W-ACoi=fndpg=PR7dq=corporate+culture+collaborationots=5RCOAJNbxQsig=kUB7rqdXMmTwYMZaZ32Q20aFnjo#v=onepageq=corporate%20culture%20collaborationf=false [Accessed: 20 th july, 2014] Gawer., A (2009) platforms, markets and innovation. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1BvhQT8SHZkCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false [accessed: August 2nd, 2014] Academia.eu (2014) Search: Nokia and Microsoft collaboration. [Accessed: 1st Aug, 2014] Koberg., S.C, Detienne., D.R and Heppard., K.A (2003) An empirical test of environmental, organizational, and process factors affecting incremental and radical innovation. Journal of high technology and management research. 14 (3) pp 21-45. [Accessed: 15th july, 2014] Scharnhorst W (2008): Life Cycle Assessment in the Telecommunication Industry: A Review. IntJ LCA 13 (1) 75–86. Accessed: 20th july, 2014 Kajanto ., M and Carral., R (2008) Nokia: a case study in managing industry Downturn. Journal of business strategy. VOL . 29 NO. 1 2008, pp. 25-33. Accessed: Aug 3, 2014

Java Net Business Case For An Internet Cafe Management Essay

Java Net Business Case For An Internet Cafe Management Essay Executive summary: Java Net is a different type of cafà © and it is not like a typical cafe, will give an unparallel assembly for communication and entertainment by the medium of the Internet. Java Net is mainly established for meeting the demand of customer. The customer wants: (1) access to the communication and entertainment website and can get access to search the available information to the Internet, and (2) access to the internet at a lower cost so that they can able to pay and by this way that they arent separated socially, economically, or politically. Java Nets aim is to give the residential with a social, educational, entertaining, environment for universal communication. This cafà © will be established in the place of Central London. This business plan is mainly made for the purpose of getting fund in the amount of  £24,000. The subsidiary funding is necessary to start work on preparation of site and change, buying equipment, and to assess cost in the first year of operations. Additional funding has already been fixed in the figure of: (1) From the Oregon Economic Development Fund, we get  £24,000 (2)  £19,000 of personal savings from owner (3)  £36,000 from three investors (4) and  £9,290 in the form of short-term loans. Java Net will be incorporated as an LLC corporation. It will safeguard the owner thats me, and the three investors who are from outside, Doug Wilson, Luke Walsh, and John Underwood, from matter of personal responsibility and tax which is pay as double. The investors will be considered as shareholders and they may not be responsible spending investment of personally  £12,000 each. The funding which is related to the contribution of capital from the owner which is me, shareholders and the Oregon Economic Development Fund, will permit Java Net to successfully establish and run business operations by year one. The large amount of initial capital investment will permit Java Net to give its customers to present it as entire characteristics of internet cafe. This cafà © is recognized as a unparalleled, up market, and creative environment is necessary to give the customers with an environment that will engender socialization. Successful operation in year one will give Java Net with a customer base that will permit it to be self ample in year two. http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/de0d28745dc64a87bae6f1a1613ffbae.png Objectives Java Net has some objectives for running the operation for three years: The innovation of an unparalleled, up market, creative atmosphere that will diverse Java Net from local coffee houses. Give an understanding to the community about the Internet service that is what they offer or what their facilities are. The establishment of an environment that will attract people with various interests and settings together in a common forum. To provide a very good coffee and the bakery items at a reasonable and fair price. Easily available of internet resources and other facilities of online. Keys to Success The main factors which are involved in the success of Java Net: The innovation of an unparalleled, creative, up market atmosphere that will add as the new features of Java Net and differentiate it from other competitors such as: local coffee shop and prospective internet cafes. The formation of Java Net as a residential centre for communication, socialization and entertainment. The innovation of an environment that wont restrain the user who are initiator. Java Net will set up its position itself as one of main educational resource for individuals wanted to find out about their internet facilities and alternatives. Good coffee and bakery items. Mission Due to the increment of popularity of the Internet which is continually growing at an exponential rate, easy and low cost entry  is rapidly becoming an essential of life. Java Net gives communities with the capacity to enter the Internet, take a cup of coffee, and enjoy Internet experiences in a comfortable environment. All ages and any backgrounds of people will come to enjoy the unparalleled, up market, educational, and creative environment that Java Net offers. Risks The risks consisted with starting Java Net are: Will there be a need for the services provided by Java Net in UK? Will the popularity of the Internet regular to grow, or is the Internet on less popularity? Will individuals be interested to pay for the service Java Net provides? Will the cost of entering the Internet from home drop so necessarily that there may not be a market for the Internet Cafes such as Java Net? Task 2: 1.2 Literature review: Java Net, soon to be established in Central London on 10th and Oak, will provide the community easy and affordable entry to the Internet. Java Net will offer entire access to email, WWW, FTP, Usenet and all other Internet applications such as Telnet and Gopher. Java Net will also give customers with an unparalleled and creative location for enjoying great coffee, special beverages, and bakery items. Java Net will in sort to all ages and backgrounds of customers. The instructional Internet classes, and the assisted staff that Java Net offers, will in sort to the audience that does not link themselves with the age of computer. This aspect of education will pull members such as younger and elder of the community who are quickly attaining involvement in the unparalleled resources that communicate through online have to provide. The downtown place will give business people with convenient access with their morning coffee and online requirement. Java Net is a privately under by Oregon Limited Liability Corporation. Cale Bruckner, the founder of Java Net, is the majority owner. Luke Walsh, Doug Wilson, and John Underwood, all sustain minority position of stock as private investors. Task 3: Information about market Java Net is meeting with the opportunity as stimulated of being the step-mover in the cyber-cafe market. The coherent quality of coffee, aggregate with the increasing interest in the Internet, has been established to be a gaining concept in related markets and it will produce the same results in other market. There are some factors such as current tendency, habituation, and sales data assure that the high requirement for coffee will continue invariable more than the next five years. The quick development of the Internet and online services which has been found there is only the tip of the iceberg. The possible development of the Internet is tremendous, to the item while one day, a computer terminal with the connection of online will be as usual and requirement as a telephone. It can be 10 or 20 years downward the road, but since the next five years, the service of online supplier market is certain to feel enormous development. As a modern cyber-cafe in London, Java Net will enjoy the spontaneous advantages of name identification and customer commitment. At first, Java Net will maintain a 100 % share of the market of the cyber-cafe here in UK. Since the following five years, competitors will access the market. Java Net has established an aim to hold more than a market share of 50 percent. Assignment 2: Task 1: Project resources: Java Net will give full enter to email such as, WWW, FTP, Usenet and other Internet using for example: Telnet and Gopher. With the Internet system, printing, scanning, and introductory courses will also be available to the customer. Java Net will also offer customers with an unparalleled and creative environment for enjoying the great coffee, special beverages and delicious bakery items. Competitive Comparison Java Net will be the most Internet cafe in Central London. Java Net will vary itself from the strictly-coffee cafes in London by offering its customers with combination of Internet and services of computing. Service Description Java Net will provide its customers with complete enter to the Internet and usual computer software and hardware. There are some valuable services of the Internet and computing accessories available to Java Net customers are mentioned below: Enter to external email accounts of POP3. Customers can sign up for an email account of Java Net. This account will mainly be controlled by the server of Java Net and accessible from computer systems exterior the Java Net network. FTP, Telnet, Gopher, and other popular Internet application will be used. Enter to browser of Netscape or Internet Explorer. Application of laser and color printing. Enter to recognized and more using software applications such as: Adobe Photo Shop and Microsoft Word. Java Net will also offer its customers with enter to basic classes of Internet and email. These classes will be started in the afternoon and in the evening time. By taking these classes, Java Net will establish a loyalty to the customers to its services. The computers, accessories, Internet access, and the classes couldnt mention half of the action if carried out of the environment Java Net will provide. Special offer such as: a good coffee, special drinks, bakery related items, and a comfortable environment will offer Java Net customers bring in the cafà © from the far away from home. It will be considered as a place to enjoy the facility of computing in a comfortable and well-designed environment. Fulfillment Java Net will attain the support of computer and Internet entrance from British Telecom Company who provided the support of internet service located in UK. That company will offer the connections of internet, network looking up, and the hardware necessary to operate the Java Network. Allan Brothers will offer Java Net with coffee material, mass coffee, and paper supplies. At this time, the contract for the bakery related items has not been finished. Java Net is presently managing with Humble Bagel and the French horn to fulfill the requirement. Task 2 3: Technology Java Net will spend money in high-velocity computers to offer its customers with a quick and effective link to the Internet. The computers will be authentic and amusing to work with. Java Net will extend to promote and change the method to remain present with the technology of communications. Other main interests is connected with Internet cafes, which is the equipment art and it is available there and the other facility is that not each person has the pc of Pentium on their office or home. Future Services Since Java Net develops, more technology of communications systems will be included. The hypothesis of supplemental units has been responsible for in the present plan of floor. Since the need for connectivity of internet grows, on with the growth in competition, Java Net will extend to include modern services to sustain its customer base return back for more. Start-up Summary Java Nets costs of business commencement will cover the equipment of coffee making, site redevelopment and change, arrange capital to adjust with losses in the first year, and the equipment of communications require to receive its customers online. The equipment of communications is important to offer Java Nets customers with a quick link to the Internet and the coffee services which have to provide to create a large proportion of the commencement cost. And these costs will incur the terminal of computer and total costs included with their establishment. Costs will also be incurring for the buying of two laser printers and a scanner. Not only this, costs will be arranged for the buying of the instrument of coffee preparing. Minor additional instrument, a office grinder, one espresso machine which will be buying from other suppliers. The site at Central London will need the funds for redevelopment and change. A single calculated figure will be distributed for this objective. The restoration cost estimate will add the cost which is related with preparing the site for opening business. Initial cost includes: Computers 11 =  £22,000 Printers 2 =  £1,000 Scanner 1 =  £500 System software =  £810 Espresso machine 1 =  £10,700 Automatic espresso grinder 1=  £795 Repairs and restructuring: Coffee /food preparation counters2 =  £1,000 Information display counter 1 =  £1,000 Drinking /eating counter =  £500 Stools 16 =  £1,600 Computer desks with chairs 6 =  £2,400 Items of stationery =  £500 Telephones 2 =  £200 Cost of decoration =  £13,000 http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/4883bc74c1e54d4c89bb4b085170c732.png Start-up Necessary things: Initial cost Cost on legal matters Cost of stationary Brochures Advisors Insurance Rent Coffee machine Grinder of bean Printer scanner, system software etc. Line of communication Fixtures/Remodel Total initial cost Initial capital Cash Required Initial stock Other Current Assets Long-term Assets Total Assets Total Requirements Location of Company and opportunities A site has been chosen at Central London in UK. This site is selected for various reasons, including: Closeness to the downtown business group. Closeness to trendy, up market restaurants. Closeness to London over ground Station. Parking availability. Renting cost is low  £.85 per square foot for 1700 square feet. High visibility. These qualities are coherent with Java Nets aim of offering a main part of communication and socialization for the British community. Assignment 3: Task1. Implementation of the project: Java Net usually uses three crucial strategies. Firstly: they concentrate on pulling new user of Internet. By offering friendly environment to a new user, Java Net expects to teach and train a loyal customer base. Secondly, which is the most important strategy concentrates on attracting in strength Internet users. Strength Internet users are enormously associated with the Internet and its services. Here, a large group of customers get the service from the Java Net. Power users should have the knowledge, understanding and experience of web-browsing that novice Internet users feel interesting and exciting. The third and the last strategy emphasize on establishing a social environment for the customer of Java Net. A social environment, that gives entertainment, will assist to pull customers that couldnt usually concentrate about utilizing the Internet. In former in place at Java Net, the group of customers that occurred for the over standard entertainment offerings, will recognize the prospective entertainment scope the Internet can offer. Strategy Pyramid The following subtle offer a concept of Java Nets three basic strategies. Strategy pyramid graphics are demonstrated in the appendix of this plan. Attract beginner Internet Users Java Nets first strategy focuses on attracting beginner Internet users. Java Net plans on attracting these customers by: Offering a friendly and social environment for new users. Java Net will be served through qualified personnel concentrated on serving the customers requirement. Java net arranges a customer service desk will always be served. If a customer has any type of query or matter, Java Net personnel will always be available to do help. Java Net will provide basic classes on the subject of Internet and email. These classes will be plan in such a way that can help novice users recognize themselves with these basic tools and the Java Net computer systems. Competitive Edge Java Net will focus on the strategy of differentiation to achieve a competitive advantage in this sort of cafe market. While offering the service of internet, Java Net distinguishes itself from other cafe and creates competition with all other cafes in UK. In addition, Java Net offers a relaxed environment with a coffee and bakery related items; differentiate itself from other Internet servicers in UK. Task 2 : Marketing Strategy Java Net will place itself as an up market coffee house and the most attractive service provider of internet. It will provide Standard quality coffee and drinks of different taste with a reasonable and competitive price. Because of the larger number of cafes in UK, it is necessary that Java Net establishes reasonable prices for its coffee. Java Net will apply the technique of advertising as it is considered as the main source of promotion. The cafà © opening with an add which will be a coupon for a free one hour of Internet usuage. In addition, Java Net will offer away three hours of internet using which is free use to novices who sign up for a basic to the Internet workshop giving by Java Net. Pricing Strategy Java Net mainly depends on the value of coffee and drinks of different taste on the analysis of retail profit provided by our supplier, Allan Brothers Coffee Co., Inc. Allan Brothers, which has been in this sort of coffee business for almost of 22 years and has established a proper pricing strategy. Establishing a reasonable market on the basis of hourly price, it is more difficult to use online because there is no such type of direct rivalry from another cyber-cafe in area. Therefore, Java Net will consider three main sources to establish the hourly charging rate. First, we concentrate the cost to use other Internet service provider; either it is the firm of local networking or UK online provider. The supplier of internet access applies various schemes of pricing. Some charges are fixed as on the basis of monthly hours, where other supplier charges the fee on the basis of hourly rate. In addition, some servicers apply a strategy with a blend of equally pricing schemes. By this, Java Net may promptly fix or charged more internet service fee for an individual at a monthly basis. Second, Java Net also concentrates about the market of other internet user. Third, Java Net may do a market survey on current market condition. By analyzing these three factors Java Net fix the hourly pri ce of $5. Promotion Strategy Java Net will mainly apply strategy of pull for increasing the consciousness and their demand. Primarily, Java Net has fixed its initial budget of  £5,000 in order to promotional sector which will consists of promoting to manage the coupons system for the free time of internet using which is free on the basis of publication of local and the promotion of house for example: providing customers the free time using more internet if the payment will be cleared initially by Java net. Java Net assumes that if competition increase that means new competitors access the internet business market, Java Net has to spend more money for the sector of advertising for increasing their sales for leading in case of market share. Sales Strategy Because of the retail business of Java Net, they recruit personnel for maintaining the transaction of daily or monthly sales and for these employees they should have the proficiency I computer or should have the good computer knowledge. There is another option on Java Net that is if the employees are not computer experts then they are trained by the expert technician of Java Net. These full time technicians of Java Net are always ready for assisting the customers. for distinguishes the services of Java Net from their competitors, they committed to provide friendly and helpful services which is considered as the key success factor for them. Task 3: Forecasting of sales Data for sales forecasting are now presented by the table and graph below: Sales: here, Java Net is mainly relied on their coffee item and sales of espresso in order the financial information supplied by Allann Bros Coffee Co to the Java Net.  Their sales of internet are measured by estimating the hours total in related to the terminal on each day and after that they have to also estimate the numbers of hours of consumer use. Cost of goods sold: products which are coffee related, its cost of sales are mainly measured by the analysis of the retail profit which is mainly receive from Allann Bros. Coffee Co. here, coffee related items that is bakery items costs are the 20 percent of the selling price . The internet using cost is  £660 as monthly basis which have to pay as the networking fees to Bellevue company. E-mail account fees is also the selling price of 25%. http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/8c7fccef4de3487f96da6cfe7a3c659d.png http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/8bb6be51251041fcb8d2972b6013b98f.png Conclusion: Java Net, soon to be established in Central London on 10th and Oak, will provide the community easy and affordable entry to the Internet. And I produced the report of business research on the new service of establishment of this company in UK. Java Net will provide its customers with complete enter to the Internet and usual computer software and hardware. Java Net is meeting with the opportunity as stimulated of being the step-mover in the cyber-cafe market. The coherent quality of coffee, aggregate with the increasing interest in the Internet, has been established to be a gaining concept in other markets and will produce the same results in other market. Java Net will be the most Internet cafe in Central London. Java Net will vary itself from the strictly-coffee cafes in London by offering its customers with combination of Internet and services of computing. Java Net will give full enter to email, WWW, FTP, Usenet and other Internet using for example: Telnet and Gopher. With the Int ernet system, printing, scanning, and introductory courses will also be available to the customer. Java Net will also offer customers with an unparalleled and creative environment for enjoying great coffee, specialty beverages, and bakery items. The main purpose of writing this report is to show the benefit of doing business on internet cafe which is most profitable and reasonable.

Analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, and Walt Whitmans Works :: American Writers Literature Authors Essays

Analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, and Walt Whitman's Works Out of all the great authors and poets we have studied this semester I have chosen the three that I personally enjoyed reading the most; Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, and Walt Whitman. These three Writers stand out above the rest for each has contributed substantially to bringing forth a newly earned respect for American Writers of Literature. Up until this point in time most literature had come from European writers. Hawthorne, Poe and Whitman brought not only great works of art to our newly formed nation, but also to the world in general. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, the descendent of a long line of Puritan ancestors, including John Hathorne, a presiding magistrate in the Salem witch trials. After his father was lost at sea when he was only four, his mother became overly protective and pushed him toward more isolated pursuits. Hawthorne's childhood left him overly shy and bookish, and molded his life as a writer. Hawthorne is one of the most modern of writers who rounds off the puritan cycle in American writing Hawthorne turned to writing after his graduation from Bowdoin College. His first novel, Fanshawe, was unsuccessful and Hawthorne himself disavowed it as amateurish. However, he wrote several successful short stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molyneaux," "Roger Malvin's Burial" and "Young Goodman Brown." However, insufficient earnings as a writer forced Hawthorne to enter a career as a Boston Custom House measurer in 1839. After three years Hawthorne was dismissed from his job with the Salem Custom House. By 1842 his writing amassed Hawthorne a sufficient income for him to marry Sophia Peabody and move to The Manse in Concord, which was at that time the center of the Transcendental movement. Hawthorne returned to Salem in 1845, where he was appointed surveyor of the Boston Custom House by President James Polk, but was dismissed from this post when Zachary Taylor became president. Hawthorne then devoted himself to his most famous novel, The Scarlet Letter. He zealously worked on th e novel with a determination he had not known before. His intense suffering infused the novel with imaginative energy, leading him to describe it as the "hell-fired story." On February 3, 1850, Hawthorne read the final pages to his wife. He wrote, "It broke her heart and sent her to bed with a grievous headache, which I look upon as a triumphant success.

my life ant its ways :: essays research papers

My Thinking and its Ways   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A utopia is a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions. When I sit to think I think of my own utopia. I dream of things that I could not do the normal world but in my own utopia. In my utopia a key phrase and motto is â€Å"don’t worry†. I want to have no worries in what I do, think, feel, and every other aspect that would worry about. In my utopia, I am the utopia. I am the one and only in my world. Temptation to do things and the will to not do things is what separate the strong and the weak. I feel and many others may disagree when I say that everyone will fall to temptation. I am not a perfect individual and many others are not either and if you think your perfect certainly you are to bigheaded to be perfect. So in my world I like to be by myself. How can one be tempted if there is no one to tempt him? A main reason for me to be by myself is so I can live in a world without temptation. I know I am not a weak person but I am not the strongest and I fall to temptation. I think that I could do everything by myself. I think that I can depend on myself and no one else. I know in a real world this could not happen that you cannot make it by yourself, but in mine you can make it by yourself because you are the one that makes it. No one can challenge you and it is not necessary to not challenge anyone else. Life is hard and harsh place to be so to be somewhere else would be a dream. Being alone would not bother me; I would be able to do it. Sometimes I love being myself just thinking about this little world that I could live in and do things my way. You may think being by yourself would be dull because there is no impact, but when your alone you can think of the most imaginative places and scenarios. From reading this you might think that I am an anti-social person, but I am not one. I love the people around me but when you dream and think you can do things you cant do on earth or in reality.

Buddha :: essays research papers

Buddha There are many Buddha’s in the world. The story by Ashvaghosha called The Life of Buddha talks about the original Buddha, and how he came to be. Sculptures and pictures of Buddha always have the same features. From the Art Institute in Chicago comes a sculpture of Buddha from China. These two things have a lot in common. The parts of the body in the sculptures depict certain things about a Buddha’s life and the way Buddhism spread though Asia influenced the arts depicting Buddha.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most works of art involving Buddha have features that are almost always there. Whenever a person sees Buddha, he always has most of the ten qualities or powers of a Buddha, described in Story of the Life of Buddha Shakyamuni. However there are thirty-two major characteristics and eight minor, among them is the eight-spoked lines on the soles and palms. The spot between Buddha’s eyebrows, sometimes calls the third eye or wisdom bump, is a mark of wisdom. The nose has a specific length like the ears have their own characteristics. The enlightenment-elevation on the top of the head, describe by old texts as emerging from the head of a saint, symbolize Buddha’s enlightenment and is a visible symbol of the â€Å"spiritual generative power that strives toward heaven and passes into the immaterial sphere.† (Buddhist Art: Perfect Proportions of a Buddha, Para. 3). The Yoga position stemming from the pre-Buddhist tradition in India hides the lower half of Buddha’s body, but show the divine meditating with the utmost concentration, soles visible. The image of Buddha expresses serenity and proportional beauty. These Measurements are laid out in the canon of Buddhist art, which corresponds to ideal physical proportions; each span has a twelve-finger breadth and has 9 breadths. If there is a background behind Buddha it usually depicts a halo around his head. For example, the Buddha in Buddhism: a Brief Introduction on page thirty-eight exhibits a fiery halo. The Buddha statue from the Art Institute is sitting in the lotus position, have the wisdom bump, and the hair is knotted on the top of the head. Also the Buddha would have had long ear lobes if they were not broken off. The long ear lobes seem to be a symbol of his wealth and that the fact that they are now longer filled shows that he renounced wealth. At the end of the story the Prince did just the he renounced his wealth and became Buddha.

Corporate University Model Essay

From my readings and research I have learned about the corporate university model. I will be evaluating why many organizations today are emphasizing training as an employee development tool and focus on why utilizing the internal university structure has become very popular. I think that the corporate university model is a very effective model. It is an educational entity that is a strategic tool designed to assist its parent organization in achieving its goals by conducting activities that foster individual and organizational learning and knowledge. It is set up to bring common culture, loyalty, and belonging to the company. Our text states that â€Å"a corporate university model is a training model in which the client group includes not only company employees and managers but also stakeholders outside the company (Roe, pg. 551, 2010).† â€Å"It response to the rapid changes in information and technology that characterizes our society. A companion to the concept of life-long learning, the corporate university enables businesses, both for profit and not for profit, to maintain and expand the expertise of their workforces and, as a result, to secure their positions in the marketplace. The corporate university adds value to the business and, in some cases generates revenue (Gould, 2005).† â€Å"The top five organizational goals of corporate universities were to improve customer’s service and retention, improve productivity, reduce costs, retain talented employees, and increase revenue (Roe, pg. 84, 2010).† If revenue is generated, the chief learning officer develops and implements the appropriate business and marketing plans (Gould, 2005).† Training functions organized by the university model tend to offer a wider range of programs and courses (Roe, pg. 84, 2010). Culture and values tend to be emphasized more often in the training curriculum of corporate universities. It centralizes training to make sure that â€Å"best training practices† that may be used in one unit of the company are disseminated across the company (Roe, pg. 84, 2010). It also enables the company to control costs by developing consistent training practices and policies (Roe, pg. 83, 2010). â€Å"Companies  have found that investment in human capital in the form of training and development yields high returns. The ones that recognize the value of their employees and place a new emphasis on education and training are becoming more competitive, successful, and profitable as a result (Dutkowsky, 2014).† â€Å"Transferring knowledge leads to synergistic cost advantages, better implementation of organizational strategies, and competitive advantage. Organizations are implementing corporate universities to aid in knowledge transfer. This allows organizations to customize them to meet their training needs (Clinton, Merritt, & Murray, 2009). Knowledge is the primary ingredient in gaining a competitive advantage and knowledge is a firm’s main inimitable resource. Knowledge has to be effectively transferred within organizations in order to maximize the competitive advantage arising from knowledge (Clinton, Merritt, & Murray, 2009). Corporate universities are also vital to employees as well. In this day and age, responsibility and authority are pushed downward and all employees are expected to make decisions and to contribute to competitive advantage. This requires workers who can think and do for themselves (Clinton, Merritt, & Murray, 2009). Advanced education and continuous learning is crucial. â€Å"The key goal for an organization is to provide its workers with the ability to retool their skills and knowledge continually. Corporate universities allow employers to provide employees the opportunity to increase their knowledge, and in return, employees will take education from the corporate university and give bac k to the organization through innovation, efficiency, and productivity (Clinton, Merritt, & Murray, 2009).† Overall, corporate universities are built on a system that understands the chief concern for knowledge workers in nearly every industry and occupation is the shelf life of their knowledge, causing them to have a constantly retool their schools. Employees benefit from the corporate university movement in more ways than simply being able to perform their assigned jobs better. They also learn skills and possibly earn degrees that can be carried through their career, making they, themselves, more marketable to the workplace. Corporate universities are the â€Å"fast growing segment of the adult education market. Corporate universities strive to achieve their mission of developing programs that are clearly linked to business objectives and organizational strategy. These programs are designed to convey corporate culture and focus  on learning beyond on-the-job training. By doing so, many employees throughout the United States and abroad are offered educational opportunities that might not otherwise be available to them. In conclusion, the corporate university model is a very effective model. Organizations constantly need to adapt themselves to stay aligned with an ever-changing and increasingly complex environment. Corporate Universities puts â€Å"smart learning† at the forefront, with strategies to secure alignment between organization and environment, which need both speed of learning and learning in the right direction. Across the globe, corporate universities have emerged as vehicles of such strategy-driven learning. References Clinton, M., S., Merritt, K., L., & Murray, R., S. (2009). Using corporate universities to facilitate knowledge transfer and achieve competitive advantage: An exploratory model based on media richness and type of knowledge to be transferred. Retrieved from: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail?vid=2&sid=4fbbc155-1ebe-4a53-b4b7-309ae9d4306c%40sessionmgr112&hid=115&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=psyh&AN=2009-19970-003 Dutkowsky, S. (2014). Trends in Training and Development – THE NEW ECONOMY, TRAINING IN U.S. COMPANIES, WHO DOES THE TRAINING IN CORPORATIONS? Retrieved from: StateUniversity.com http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/852/Trends-in-Training-Development.html#ixzz34jTinPJA Gould, E., K. (2005). The Corporate University. A Model for Sustaining an Expert Workforce in the Human Services. Retrieved from: http://bmo.sagepub.com.proxy library.ashford.edu/content/29/3/508.full.pdf+html Noe, R. (2010) Employee Training and Development (5th editi on). McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Evolution of Women’s Rights Since 19th Century

Equality Rights 1 The Evolution of the Extension of Equality Rights from Classical to Modern Liberalism Malak Alkadri Social Studies 30 Mrs. Kadaoui November 30, 2012 Equality Rights 2 Towards the latter part of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, classical liberalism underwent great modifications in terms of equality rights. Its modified form even came to be known as modern or positive liberalism. It differed from classical liberalism in so far as it emphasized the significance and rationality of equal opportunities and justice.Modern liberalism has promoted the positive rather than the negative aspects of the liberation movement. The extension of women’s equality rights of the final step in the revolution of classical liberalism to modern liberalism has extended this particular group’s rights economically, socially and politically to an uttermost extent. Initially, women’s lives have improved economically. Modern liberalism has come to in terpret freedom as involving a right to basic requirements of the development and security necessary to assure the equal opportunity and personal dignity of women.Nevertheless, in the nineteenth century’s Victorian era, the emergence of women’s rights was limited. Feminism had influenced the ideology of separate spheres in which men inhabit the public sphere – the world of politics, commerce and law – and women inhabit the private realm of domestic life – child caring, housekeeping and so on (Christison, etal. 2009, p. 158). Women of all classes worked hard, yet, were still a supply of cheap labour. Whereas today, more women are employed, more girls are being educated, women are living longer and having fewer children, and the number of females in business and in politics has increased dramatically.According to the Center for Women's Business Research, female entrepreneurs generate $2. 3 trillion to the Equality Rights 3 American economy and emplo y more than 18 million people (qtd. In newint. org). One area in which women have made major progress in is education. Modernly, more women are enrolled in law school, medical school, and schools of business and finance. Young women today do not feel  social pressure to pursue only those professions which were once traditionally reserved for them, most commonly teaching and nursing.As a result, millions of women today succeed in professions that were completely closed to them in the past, such as working in open, public areas rather than at home or in healthcare areas. Also, women’s economic rights and acceptance have evolved dramatically since the final evolution of equality rights in the classical liberalism. Women have now acquired the freedom to work as they please, with rather no restrictions and a lot less government involvement. Women's economic authority has severely improved in the modern setting as opposed to thirty years ago, when women were first entering the wo rkplace.It was a rare occurrence, and rather â€Å"odd† at that time to see women at work, and now it is something common, accepted, and even encouraged. Surely, on a social level, women’s rights have defiantly evolved in the way people collaborate and treat women. There has been a collective change of consciousness in how men are expected by law to communicate with women in the workplace. While some personal Equality Rights 4 attitudes might not have changed; men and women both understand that the workplace is to be a setting to be free of hurtful and insensitive comments.Additionally, women have successfully fought for family leave rights. Afterwards, the occurrence of the â€Å"Family and Medical Leave Act† had emerged in the US by federal law in 1993 (qtd. in en. wikipedi. org). The fight is more prevalent now than it was back then. However, focusing on the cases of the United States and England, we show that the historical expansion of women’s rights also unfolded through equal treatment in the labour market. In contrast, in most African countries women gained formal political rights, at the end of colonialism before receiving economic rights.Moreover, there are many specific traditions such as foot binding and child marriage, which impact the rights of women that are specific to certain cultures. Contemporary phenomena, such as HIV/AIDS also represent challenges to gender equality that were not present in earlier time periods (Kristof and WuDunn 2009). Likewise, women’s political rights have also been extended now than ever before. You may agree that the near end of the classical period is similar to modern liberalism because people with disabilities, prison inmates, women eighteen year of age and older, and nationsEquality Rights 5 such as the Inuit without surrendering their culture were allowed to vote hence, there has not been much change in the political rights of women. I beg and plead to differ. Thirty years ago, all types of women eighteen and older may have been granted the right to vote but that’s as far as it went. Now, women are CEOs and presidential candidates. Hillary Clinton for example, serves as an American Secretary of the United States. Women are now not only given the right to vote, but the right to be voted for. Currently, US citizens can vote in the US elections.Yet, back when the country was founded; in most states, only men with real property or substantial wealth were permitted to vote. Almost all women and their votes were denied at the time. Now, since the US constitution, every individual has gained the right to vote. Although, in the 1920’s, the Women’s Bureau of the Department of Labour is formed to collect information about women in the workforce and safeguard good working conditions for women (Ann-Marie Imbornoni. 2009). You may say that the workforce now-a-days also provides a great source of security and freedom for women similar to the 19th c entury.Not necessarily. The freedom of women in the workforce has also been extended. President Baraak Obama, for instance, signed the Lily Ledbetter Fairpay Restoration Act, which allows victims of pay discrimination to send a complaint to the government against their employer within 180 days of their last pay check. Previously, victims (most often women) are now allowed to claim an unjust pay check whereas Equality Rights 6 back in the 19th century, their freedoms were under more authority than they are in the modern society (Ann-Marie Imbornoni. 009) Finally, the evolution of the equality rights of women has extremely extended since classical liberalism in the 19th century. The rights of women have extended in several different aspects especially in terms of economical, social and political rights. Men and women are now equal in regards to occupations, elections, education, job pay checks, security, and collaboration. Despite the amount of freedom women have gained, it is no long er a shock to see a women play what was then called a â€Å"man’s role† in society. Women have the right to not only vote but run for candidates as well.Young women today are not enforced to occupy the domestic part of life, or jobs that were traditionally reserved for them. Millions of women today succeeded in professions that were completely prohibited to them in the past, such as working in open, public areas. Women’s economic rights and acceptance have evolved dramatically since the final evolution of equality rights in the classical liberalism. â€Å"I do not think, sir, you have any right to command me, merely because you are older than I, or because you have seen more of the world than I have; your claim to superiority depends on the use you have made of your time and experience. (Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre Equality Rights 7 References Imbornoni, Ann-Marie. â€Å"Women's Rights Movement in the U. S. : Timeline of Events (1921-1979). 30 Nov. 2012. ;http ://www. infoplease. com/spot/womenstimeline2. html; â€Å"What women have gained and what they are in danger of losing — New Internationalist. †Ã‚  New Internationalist. Nikki van der Gaag, n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2004. ;http://www. newint. org/features/2004/11/01/women-want/; Lambert, Tim. â€Å"Women's Jobs in History. â€Å"A World History Encyclopedia. Tim Lambert, 14 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Jan. 2021. ;http://www. localhistories. org/womensjobs. html;